Ibhodi yeRF PCB uyilo lokunciphisa iisignali ezingeyonyani kufuna ubuchule bobunjineli beRF.Ukugcina le mithetho isibhozo engqondweni akuyi kunceda nje ixesha lokuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwintengiso, kodwa nokwandisa ukuqikelelwa kweshedyuli yakho yomsebenzi.


Umthetho 1: Ii-vias zomhlaba kufuneka zibekwe kwindawo yokutshintsha inqwelomoya
Yonke imisinga ehamba kumgca wendlela inembuyekezo elinganayo.Zininzi izicwangciso zokudibanisa, kodwa ukuhamba okubuyayo kudla ngokuqukuqela kwiinqwelomoya ezikufutshane okanye kwimihlaba ebekwe ngokunxuseneyo nemigca yemiqondiso.Njengoko umaleko wereferensi uqhubeka, konke ukudityaniswa kukhawulelwe kumgca wothumelo kwaye yonke into isebenza kakuhle ngokugqibeleleyo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umzila wesignali utshintshiwe ukusuka kuluhlu oluphezulu ukuya kumaleko angaphakathi okanye asezantsi, ukuhamba okubuyayo kufuneka kwakhona kufumane indlela.


Umzobo 1 ngumzekelo.Ngokukhawuleza ngaphantsi kwenqanaba eliphezulu lomgca wesignali yangoku yimbuyekezo yokubuyisela.Xa idlulisela kumaleko asezantsi, ukugeleza kwakhona kuhamba nge-vias ekufutshane.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba akukho vias yokuqukuqela kwakhona kufutshane, ukutyhutyha kwakhona kuhamba ngowona mhlaba ukufuphi ukhoyo udlula.Imigama emikhulu idala iilophu zangoku, zenza ii-inductors.Ukuba le ndlela ingafunwayo yangoku yokulinganisa iyenzeka ukuwela omnye umgca, uphazamiseko luya kuba lubi kakhulu.Le loop yangoku ilingana nokwenziwa i-eriyali!

IMithetho esibhozo yokuNnceda Ukunciphisa i-RF PCB Circuit Parasitics

Umzobo 1: Umqondiso wangoku uqukuqela ukusuka kwizikhonkwane zesixhobo nge-vias ukuya kumaleko asezantsi.I-reflow iphantsi komqondiso ngaphambi kokunyanzeliswa kweyona ndawo ikufutshane ukuba itshintshele kwireferensi eyahlukileyo

Isalathiso esisezantsi sesona sicwangciso silungileyo, kodwa imigca enesantya esiphezulu inokubekwa ngamanye amaxesha kumaleko angaphakathi.Ukubeka iinqwelomoya zesalathiso sasemhlabeni ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kunzima kakhulu, kwaye abavelisi be-semiconductor banokucinezelwa kwaye babeke iintambo zombane ecaleni kwemigca yesantya esiphezulu.Ukuba ireferensi yangoku ifuna ukutshintshwa phakathi kweeleya okanye iinetha ezingeyo-DC edityanisiweyo, i-decoupling capacitors kufuneka ibekwe ecaleni kwendawo yokutshintsha.



Umthetho wesi-2: Qhagamshela iphedi yesixhobo kumhlaba umaleko ophezulu
Izixhobo ezininzi zisebenzisa i-thermal pad phantsi kwepakethe yesixhobo.Kwizixhobo ze-RF, ezi zikholisa ukuba yimihlaba yombane, kwaye iindawo ezimeleneyo zepadi zinoluhlu lweendlela zomhlaba.I-pad yesixhobo inokudibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-pin yomhlaba kwaye idibaniswe kuyo nayiphi na i-copper egalelwe kumhlaba ophezulu.Ukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi, ukuhamba okubuyayo kwahlulahlulwe ngokomlinganiselo wokungena kwindlela.Uxhulumaniso lomhlaba ngepadi lunomzila omfutshane kunye ophantsi we-impedance kunomhlaba we-pin.


Uqhagamshelwano olulungileyo lombane phakathi kwebhodi kunye neepadi zesixhobo lubalulekile.Ngexesha lendibano, i-vias engazaliswanga kwibhodi yesiphaluka nge-array inokukhupha intlama ye-solder kwisixhobo, ishiya i-voids.Ukuzalisa ngemingxunya yindlela elungileyo yokugcina i-solder isendaweni.Ngexesha lovavanyo, vula kwakhona umaleko we-solder imaski yokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho maski yesolder kumhlaba webhodi ongaphantsi kwesixhobo, njengoko imaski ye-solder inokuphakamisa isixhobo okanye isenze sigxadazele.

Umthetho 3: Akukho Msantsa woMaleko weReferensi

Kukho ii-vias kulo lonke ummandla wesixhobo.Iminatha yamandla iqhekeziwe ukuze idityaniswe kwindawo kwaye emva koko yehle ukuya kwinqwelomoya yamandla, ihlala ibonelela ngee-vias ezininzi zokunciphisa inductance kunye nokuphucula umthamo wokuthwala ngoku, ngelixa ibhasi yolawulo inokuhla iye kwinqwelomoya yangaphakathi.Konke oku kubola kuphelela ekubotshweni ngokupheleleyo kufutshane nesixhobo.


Nganye kwezi vias idala indawo yokungabandakanywa kwinqwelomoya yangaphakathi yomhlaba enkulu kunobubanzi bendlela ngokwayo, ibonelela ngendawo yokuvelisa.Le mimandla yokuthintelwa ngokulula inokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokubuya.Eyongezelelweyo enzima le meko kukuba ezinye ii-vias zisondelelene enye kwenye kwaye zenze imisele yeenqwelomoya ezisemhlabeni ezingabonakaliyo kumbono we-CAD wezinga eliphezulu.Umzobo 2. I-voids yenqwelomoya ephantsi yeenqwelomoya ezimbini zombane ezidlulayo zingenza iindawo ezidlulayo zokugcina kwaye zidale iziphazamiso kwindlela yokubuya.I-reflow ingaphambukiswa kuphela ukudlula indawo engavumelekanga yenqwelomoya ephantsi, okukhokelela kwingxaki yendlela yokukhutshwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo.

IMithetho esibhozo yokuNnceda Ukunciphisa i-RF PCB Circuit Parasitics

Umzobo 2: Iindawo zokugcina iindiza zomhlaba ezijikeleze i-vias zinokuthi zidibanise, zinyanzelise ukubuya okubuyayo kude nomzila wesignali.Nokuba akukho kuthungelana, indawo yokungahambeki idala ukungaqhubeki kokulunywa kwempuku kwinqwelomoya.

Nkqu "friendly" umhlaba vias ukuzisa pads zentsimbi ezinxulumene ubuncinane imilinganiselo efunwa yi ukuveliswa kwebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo inkqubo.Iindlela ezisondele kakhulu kwizalathiso zomqondiso zinokufumana ukhukuliseko ngokungathi umhlaba okwinqanaba eliphezulu ukhe walunywa yimpuku.Umzobo 2 ngumzobo wesicwangciso sokulunywa kweempuku.


Ekubeni indawo yokukhutshwa iveliswa ngokuzenzekelayo yi-software ye-CAD, kwaye i-vias isetyenziswa rhoqo kwibhodi yenkqubo, kuya kuhlala kukho ukuphazamiseka kwindlela yokubuyela ngexesha lenkqubo yoyilo lwakwangoko.Landela umgca ngamnye ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngexesha lokuvavanywa koyilo kwaye ujonge iileya ezihambelanayo zokuphinda ubuyele ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka.Kungumbono olungileyo ukubeka zonke ii-vias ezinokudala ukuphazamiseka kwenqwelomoya yomhlaba kuyo nayiphi na indawo ekufutshane nenqanaba eliphezulu elingenanto yomhlaba.

Umthetho 4: Gcina iMilatho eyahluka-hlukeneyo
Indlela yokubuya ibalulekile ekusebenzeni komgca wesignali kwaye kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengenxalenye yendlela yomqondiso.Kwangaxeshanye, izibini ezidityanisiweyo aziqhelekanga ukudityaniswa ngokuqinileyo, kwaye ukuqukuqela okubuyayo kunokuqukuqela kwiileya ezimeleneyo.Zombini iimbuyekezo kufuneka zihanjiswe kwiindlela zombane ezilinganayo.


Ukusondela kunye nemiqobo yoyilo lokwabelana igcina ukuhamba kwembuyekezo kumaleko afanayo naxa imigca emibini yesibini esahlukileyo ingadityaniswanga ngokuqinileyo.Ukugcina iisignali ezingeyonyani zisezantsi, ungqamaniso olungcono luyafuneka.Naziphi na izakhiwo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana nokusikwa kweeplani zomhlaba phantsi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kufuneka zibe symmetrical.Ngokukwanjalo, ubude obuhambelanayo bunokwenza iingxaki ngee-squiggles kwiimpawu zesignali.Ukuhanjiswa kwakhona akubangeli iingxaki zamaza.Ubude bokuhambelana komgca omnye wokwahlula kufuneka kuboniswe kweminye imigca yokwahlula.

Umthetho wesi-5: Akukho iwotshi okanye imigca yolawulo kufutshane nemigca yesignali yeRF
Imigca yewotshi kunye nolawulo ngamanye amaxesha inokubonwa njengabamelwane abangabalulekanga kuba basebenza ngesantya esiphantsi, nokuba kufutshane neDC.Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu zayo zokutshintsha ziphantse zibe sisikwere samaza, zivelisa iithowuni ezizodwa kwiifrikhwensi ze-harmonic ezingaqhelekanga.Ubuninzi bamandla okukhutshwa kwesikwere alinamsebenzi, kodwa imiphetho ebukhali inakho.Kuyilo lwesixokelelwano sedijithali, i-frequency yekona inokuqikelela elona xesha liphezulu le-harmonic ekufuneka liqwalaselwe.Indlela yokubala yile: Fknee=0.5/Tr, apho iTr ilixesha lokunyuka.Qaphela ukuba lixesha lokunyuka, hayi isantya sophawu.Nangona kunjalo, amaza abukhali antlangothi yesikwere akwanazo iiharmonics ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezinokuthi zehle kuphela ngamaxesha angalunganga kwaye zidibanise kumgca weRF, zityeshela iimfuno ezingqongqo zothumelo lwemaski.


Iintambo zewotshi nezolawulo kufuneka zibe zodwa kwiintambo zomqondiso weRF ngenqwelomoya yangaphakathi okanye igalelwa lomhlaba elikumgangatho ophezulu.Ukuba ukwahlulwa komhlaba akunakusetyenziswa, imikhondo kufuneka ihanjiswe ukuze inqumle kwii-engile ezichanekileyo.Ngenxa yokuba imigca yemagnethi ekhutshwa yiwotshi okanye imigca yolawulo iya kwenza iicontours zekholomu ezijikelezayo ezijikeleze imisinga yemigca yokungenelela, aziyi kuvelisa imisinga kwimigca yomamkeli.Ukunciphisa ixesha lokunyuka akugcini nje ukunciphisa i-frequency yekona kodwa kunceda ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwabaphazamisayo, kodwa iwashi okanye imigca yokulawula inokusebenza njengemigca yomamkeli.Umgca womamkeli usasebenza njengomjelo wemiqondiso eyinkohliso kwisixhobo.

Umgaqo 6: Sebenzisa umhlaba ukwahlula imigca enesantya esiphezulu
I-Microstrips kunye ne-striplines ubukhulu becala zidityaniswe neenqwelomoya eziphantsi ezikufutshane.Ezinye iilayini eziguquguqukayo zisaphuma ngokuthe tye kwaye ziphelise imikhondo ekufutshane.Ithoni kumgca omnye wesantya esiphezulu okanye isibini esahlukileyo siphela kumkhondo olandelayo, kodwa ukufakelwa komhlaba kumgca wesignali kudala indawo esezantsi yokuphelisa i-impedance kumgca wokuguquguquka, kukhulula imikhondo ekufutshane kwiithowuni.

Iingqokelela zezalathisi ezihamba ngendlela yonikezelo lwewotshi okanye isixhobo sokudibanisa ukuthwala amaza afanayo anokuqhuba ecaleni kwenye ngenxa yokuba ithowuni yesithinteli sele ikhona kumgca womamkeli.Nangona kunjalo, imigca edibeneyo iya kusasazeka ekugqibeleni.Xa usasazwa, umhlaba kufuneka ubonelelwe ngezikhukula phakathi kwemigca yokuchithachitha kunye neendawo apho iqala khona ukusasazeka ukuze imbuyekezo eyenzelwe ukuba ibuyele umva ngendlela yesiqhelo.KuMzobo 3, ii-vias eziphelweni zeziqithi ezisemhlabeni zivumela umsinga oye wanyanzelwa ukuba uqukuqelele kwinqwelo-moya yesalathiso.Isithuba phakathi kwezinye ii-vias kumhlaba ovuzayo akufunekanga udlule isinye eshumini sobude bobude ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umhlaba awubi sisakhiwo esinesandi.

Imithetho Esibhozo yokuNceda Ukunciphisa iRF PCB Circuit Parasitics

Umzobo 3: Umhlaba okwinqanaba eliphezulu apho umkhondo owahlukileyo usasazwe khona ubonelela ngeendlela zokuqukuqela ukuqukuqela okubuyayo.

Umthetho 7: Musa ukuhambisa iintambo zeRF kwiinqwelomoya ezinomsindo
Ithoni ingena kwindiza yamandla kwaye isasazeka kuyo yonke indawo.Ukuba iithowuni ezingeyonyani zingena kubonelelo lwamandla, ii-buffers, mixers, attenuators, kunye ne-oscillators, zinokumodareyitha ukuphinda kuphazamiseke.Ngokunjalo, xa amandla efika ebhodini, ayikakhutshelwanga ngokupheleleyo ukuqhuba i-RF circuitry.Ukuvezwa kweentambo zeRF kwiinqwelo-moya, ngakumbi iinqwelo-moya ezingahluzwanga, kufuneka kuncitshiswe.


Iinqwelo-moya ezinkulu ezimelene nomhlaba zenza ii-capacitors ezixhonyiweyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezithomalalisa imiqondiso ye-parasitic kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano lwedijithali kunye nezinye iinkqubo zeRF.Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iinqwelomoya zombane ezincitshisiweyo, ngamanye amaxesha zifana nezalathisi zamafutha kuneleya, ukuze kube lula kwiintambo zeRF ukuphepha iinqwelomoya zamandla ngokupheleleyo.Zombini ezi ndlela zinokwenzeka, kodwa ezona mpawu zimbi zezi zimbini akufuneki zidityaniswe, oko kukusebenzisa inqwelo-moya encinci yombane kunye nendlela yeentambo zeRF ngaphezulu.

Umgaqo 8: Gcina ukudibanisa kufutshane nesixhobo
Ukuqhawula akuncedi kuphela ukugcina ingxolo engafanelekanga kwisixhobo, ikwanceda nokuphelisa iithowuni ezenziwe ngaphakathi kwisixhobo ekudibaneni kwiinqwelomoya.Ukusondela kwe-decoupling capacitors kukujikeleza okusebenzayo, kuphezulu ukusebenza kakuhle.Ukuqhawulwa kwendawo akuphazanyiswa kancinci yi-parasitic impedances yokulandelela ibhodi yesekethe, kunye neempawu ezimfutshane zixhasa ii-eriyali ezincinci, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwetoni okungafunwayo.Ukubekwa kwe-Capacitor kudibanisa i-frequency self-resonant frequency, ngokuqhelekileyo ixabiso elincinci, ubukhulu becala elincinci, elisondeleyo kwisixhobo, kunye ne-capacitor enkulu, ekude kude nesixhobo.Kumaza e-RF, ii-capacitors ngasemva kwebhodi zenza i-parasitic inductances yendlela yomtya ukuya emhlabeni, ilahlekelwa yinzuzo eninzi yokunciphisa ingxolo.

Shwankathela
Ngokuphonononga uyilo lwebhodi, sinokufumanisa izakhiwo ezinokusasaza okanye zifumane iithowuni zeRF ezibubuxoki.Landela umgca ngamnye, uchonge ngokuqaphela indlela yayo yokubuya, qiniseka ukuba inokuhamba ngokuhambelana nomgca, kwaye ngokukodwa uhlolisise iinguqu ngokucokisekileyo.Kwakhona, yahlula imithombo enokubakho yokuphazamiseka kumntu owamkelayo.Ukulandela imithetho elula necacileyo yokunciphisa imiqondiso enganyanisekanga kunokukhawulezisa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokulungiswa kweempazamo.